Mobile technology is a type of technology in which a user utilizes a mobile phone to perform communications-related tasks, such as communicating with friends, relatives, and others. It is used to send data from one system to another.

Mobile technology is largely employed in cellular communication systems and other related areas. It employs a network architecture that allows multiple transmitters to deliver data on a single channel at the same time. Because it reduces the potential of frequency interference from two or more sources, this platform allows multiple users to use single frequencies. The channel has evolved over time.

This is fast expanding; its applications are getting increasingly broad over time, and it is gradually replacing other similar sources of communication on the market, such as post offices and landlines. Mobile technology has progressed from a simple phone and texting device to a multi-tasking system that can be used for GPS navigation, internet browsing, gaming, and instant messaging, among other things. With the rise, experts claim that the future of computer technology is dependent on wireless networking and mobile computing.

Through tablets and small PCs, mobile technology is becoming increasingly popular. This smartphone system has since been improved to a big multitasking computer that can be used for GPS navigation, gaming, internet browsing, and instant messaging. Tablets and portable laptops have increased the adoption of mobile technology. The mobile networks that connect these devices are referred to as wireless systems. They allow speech, data, and (mobile) apps to be shared between mobile devices.

Mobile technology is becoming increasingly prevalent. Smartphone users have surpassed 3 billion, and the global mobile workforce is expected to reach 1.87 billion by 2022. Any gadget with internet capabilities that can be accessed from anywhere is referred to as mobile technology. Smartphones, tablets, some iPods, and laptops already fall within this category, but this list will undoubtedly grow in the future years.

Use of Mobile Technology

·   The incorporation of mobile technology into business has aided telecollaboration. Now, people could connect from anywhere using mobile technology, and access the papers and documents they need to complete collaborative work.

·   Work is being redefined by mobile technologies. Employees are no longer confined to their desks; they can work from anywhere in the world.

·   Mobile technology can help your company save time and money. Employees who work from home save thousands on a regular basis. Mobile phones eliminate the need for costly technology like landline carrier services. Cloud-based services are less expensive than traditional systems. Technology can also help your company become more flexible and productive.

·    Mobile technology has the potential to boost productivity significantly. Mobile application integration saves an average of 7.5 hours per week per employee. Workers can also become more productive with the use of smartphones and mobile gadgets.

·   The popularity of cloud-based services has skyrocketed in recent years. Cloud-based mobile technology applications have been seen to be more useful than any smartphone, particularly in terms of available storage space.

Advantages of Mobile Technology

·   Through a variety of applications, we can now stay in touch with our friends and family members anytime we choose. We may now communicate or video visit with anybody we want by just using our cell phone or cell phone. Aside from that, the portable keeps us informed about the rest of the globe.

·   Today’s mobile phones have made our day-to-day activities much more natural. Today, one may check the current traffic situation on their phone and make appropriate decisions to arrive on time. The weather is also a factor.

·   With the advancement of mobile technology, the entire gaming world is now under one roof. When we are tired of monotonous work or during breaks, we can listen to music, view movies, watch our favorite shows, or simply watch a video of our favorite song.

·   Mobile phones are being used for a variety of legitimate tasks, including meeting schedules, sending and receiving documents, providing introductions, warnings, and job applications, among others. Cell phones have become an indispensable tool for all working people.

·   These days, mobile phones are also used as a wallet to make payments. Utilities might be used to send money to friends, relatives, and others right now.

Disadvantages of Mobile Technology

• Because of the widespread use of mobile technology, people nowadays don’t meet in person but rather tweet or comment on social media sites.

• Increased IT security needs – portable devices are vulnerable to security risks, especially if they contain sensitive or critical business data.

• Because of the widespread use of mobile devices, there is a major risk of losing one’s protection. By efficiently reading through your web-based social networking account, anyone may now easily obtain data such as where you reside, your loved ones, what you do for a living, where you live, and so on.

• Costs – new technologies and devices are often costly to purchase and require ongoing maintenance and upkeep. Mobile phone prices have risen in tandem with their worth. People nowadays spend a significant amount of money on cell phones, which could be better spent on more useful things like education or other beneficial items throughout our lives.

• Workplace distractions – as the range of technologies and devices increases, so does the potential for them to disrupt productivity and workflow in the business.

Mobile Terminologies: GSM, CDMA, WAP, GPRS, WCDMA, 3G, 4G, LTE, Sensors

GSM: 

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications. It is a standard that specifies how 2G (second generation) cellular networks operate. GSM was a significant improvement over the first generation of cellular networks and represented a transition from analog to digital telecommunications. It is a widely used mobile communication system in the world. GSM is an open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.

GSM technology was developed as a digital system using the time division multiple access (TDMA) technique for communication purposes. A GSM digitizes and reduces the data, then sends it down through a channel with two different streams of client data, each in its own particular time slot. The digital system has the ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates.

CDMA: 

CDMA is an acronym for Code Division Multiple Access. It is a channel access mechanism that also serves as an example of multiple access. Multiple access simply means that data from multiple transmitters can be delivered onto a single communication channel at the same time.

WAP:

WAP stands for Wireless Application Protocol. WAP is a communications protocol that is used for wireless data access through most mobile wireless networks. WAP enhances wireless specification interoperability and facilitates instant connectivity between interactive wireless devices (such as mobile phones) and the Internet. It facilitates easy connectivity between mobile and the Internet and enhances wireless inter-operability.

WAP helps in accessing wireless data through all the communication networks. It is a communication protocol and helps maintain the connection of mobile devices in the network and the internet. Information can be accessed easily, and a web browser is provided for devices that use the WAP network. Only if the devices are connected with Wi-Fi, WAP provides information about the devices. Connectivity is provided faster in the devices, and they follow the protocol of WAP. Internet services are provided in the devices with the help of WAP. WAP also helps to cover the network at larger distances.

GPRS:

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a very widely-deployed wireless data service, available now with most GSM networks.

GPRS offers throughput rates of up to 40 kbps, enabling mobile handsets to access online services at a similar speed to a dial-up modem, but with the convenience of being able to connect from almost anywhere.

GPRS enables people to enjoy advanced, feature-rich data services, such as e-mail on the move, multimedia messages, social networking and location-based services.

WCDMA:

Developed by the global GSM community to support third-generation (3G) mobile services, WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) is the designated air interface for one of the International Telecommunications Union’s (ITU’s) family of 3G mobile communications systems. WCDMA is used in the radio leg of both UMTS and HSPA networks.

As well as supporting conventional voice, text and MMS services, WCDMA can carry data at high speeds, enabling mobile operators to deliver richer mobile multimedia services such as music-on-demand, TV and video streaming and broadband Internet access.

3G:

3G stands for third-generation access technology allows mobile phones to connect to the internet. Every new technology introduces new frequency bands and data transmission rates.

The first generation emerged in the 1980s. First-generation uses large phones that had to be mounted on top of cars because they were too heavy to hold. Text messaging was made possible by the second-generation network, which became available in the 1990s. This huge and game-changing advancement also provided a more secure network and laid the path for today’s ubiquitous 3G and 4G technology.

The development of 3G connection-based networks in 2001 marked the start of mainstream Internet use on mobile phones. Soon after, smartphones were introduced, bringing all of the capabilities of a device into the palm of your hand. The signals are transmitted by a network of telephone towers, ensuring robust and relatively rapid long-distance communication. The user’s mobile phone is receiving data from the tower nearest to it. Although it may not appear complicated, 3G technology was revolutionary at the time it was introduced.

Upload speeds of up to 3 Mbps are possible on 3G networks. For example, about 15 seconds for uploading a 3-minute MP3 song. The fastest 2G phones, on the other hand, may get up to 144Kbps  For example, about 8 minutes to download a 3-minute song. 3G systems are intended for digital phones with a full-screen display and better connectivity.

4G:

The fourth generation of mobile networking technology is known as 4G, which comes after the 2G and 3G networks. Although it’s commonly referred to as 4G LTE, this isn’t exactly right because LTE is just one sort of 4G. Most mobile network service providers use it now since it is the most developed technology.

However, 5G is becoming operational alongside current 3G and 4G mobile networks. When it initially came out, 4G revolutionized how we use the mobile internet. Despite the fact that 3G networks were relatively limited, 4G network connectivity allowed consumers to browse the internet and watch HD films on their mobile devices, thereby turning smartphones into laptops.

Most tasks that we can do on a laptop or desktop computer can now be done on mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets. No matter how much data you require, 4 G networks allow you to keep consistent speeds practically anywhere. 4G was launched in the United Kingdom in 2012. Currently, the number of mobile subscribers using 3G outnumbers those using 4G. Expect this to alter in the coming years as 4G contracts become more affordable and 4G network coverage increases across the UK.

Premium 4G offers download speeds of around 14 Mbps, which is over five times quicker than the 3G network’s predecessor. 4G networks can currently attain speeds of up to 150 Mbps, allowing users to download gigabytes of data in minutes, if not seconds, rather than hours as with 3G networks. Uploading data is also significantly faster with 4G – normal upload speeds are over 8 Mbps, with theoretical rates of up to 50 Mbps, whereas 3G upload speeds are under 0.5 Mbps. 

Difference between 1G and 2G:

 Difference between 2G and 3G:

LTE:

LTE stands for “Long Term Evolution” and it is most commonly used in connection with 4G, the fourth-generation global wireless communication standard that was first defined in 2008. It is a standard for high-speed cellular data communication systems. It provides a download speed of about 100 Mbps and an upload speed of about 50 Mbps. It does not provide good quality voice calls while using the data services. This problem can be easily solved by VoLTE connectivity. In India, Airtel launched its first LTE service in 2012.

LTE is a fourth-generation (4G) wireless standard that provides increased network capacity and speed for cellphones and other cellular devices compared with third-generation (3G) technology.

LTE technology has delivered multiple benefits worldwide:

• LTE connectivity is almost universally available around the world for both consumer and commercial/industrial applications.
• LTE provides long-term network continuity as older networks such as 2G and 3G sunset.
• In regions where 5G will not be available for some time, 4G LTE, 4G LTE Advanced, and 4G LTE Advanced Pro technology will support migration needs from 2G/3G for years to come.
• LTE offers higher speeds as well as significant benefits for low power applications and simpler, low-cost devices — providing a single technology foundation for a wide variety of use cases.

VoLTE:

VoLTE is a much-standardized system to make high-definition voice calls. It allows the users to make voice calls while using the data services without changing the quality of the voice.

VoLTE stands for Voice over LTE, and it is pronounced as Vee O LTE. With this technology, you can concurrently send voice and data over the network without affecting the voice quality. However, in LTE, when making a voice call, your data connection will be on, and then the quality of voice will be decreased.

Therefore, to make a good quality voice call, you will have to switch off the internet connection. In the 2G and 3G networks, you have seen that your phones will automatically stop the data transfer to maintain the quality of voice when making a phone call.

In case of VoLTE, the quality of the voice will not reduce even if your data is on. Moreover, you can easily transfer the telephone conversation with this service when your data connection is switched on. 

Difference between LTE and VoLTE:

LTE	VoLTE
LTE stands for Long Term Evolution.	VoLTE stands for Voice Over Long Term Evolution.
A standard for high speed wireless communication for mobile devices and data terminals.	A standard for high speed wireless communication for mobile devices and data terminals including IoT devices and wearables.
It may or may not support voice call and data services at the same time.	It supports data and call services at a similar time.
Reduce the voice quality when using voice and data at the same time.	You can enjoy good voice calling when using the data services.
The data will get off when the voice call is happening.	At the time of the voice call, it does not turn off the data.
The call connection speed is slow	The call connection speed is high.
The users need to have external softwares to make video calls on LTE networks such as whatsapp, facebook messanger, skype etc.	The users need not have an external softwares to make video calls but just phone phone number is required to video call anybody.
It is not widely used by users nowadays.	It is used by most people nowadays.

Benefits of VoLTE over LTE:

 VoLTE is the highest-ranking technology. It has various advantages −

·    Voice quality is good on VoLTE.

·    We can keep the internet connection on at the time of voice calls.

·    VoLTE joins the call quickly.

·   VoLTE networks run on the higher frequencies of 800MHz. It can make relations much further away from the mobile tower.

Sensors:

The sensor is a device that detects and measures the changes in the nearby environment and sends that data to the operating system or processor. They sense and collects data for which they are made. Like ambient light, the sensor is made for detecting light, so it is an expert in detecting the light.

The sensor in a phone refers to the components of the phone that can be felt by the chip, such as distance, light, temperature, brightness, and pressure. These sensors are getting smaller and smaller, their performance is increasing stronger, and their cost is getting lower and lower, just like all electronic components.

Modern-day smartphones are much more than just communication devices. You can do a lot more with them, from measuring your steps to monitoring your heart beat to measuring stress levels and more. Other than this, these sensors are what ensure that if you change the way you are holding your phone the orientation of the video or the photo or the website you are seeing changes too. It is the sensors that help you get that immersive experience while watching videos. That Face ID and fingerprint scanners on your phone also have sensors in them.

There are three main categories of sensors that smartphone having.

1.     Motion Sensors

2.     Environment Sensors

3.     Position Sensors

 

Motion Sensors: These sensors measures axis-based motion sensing, like acceleration forces and rotational forces along with three axes. This category includes accelerometer, gravity sensors, and gyroscopes sensors.

Environmental Sensor: These sensors measure environmental parameters like air pressure, temperature, light, and humidity, etc. This category includes barometers, photometers, and thermometers.

Position Sensors: These sensors measure the physical position of a device, whether your device is in Landscape mode or Portrait mode or in which direction. This category includes orientation sensors and magnetometers.

 

Difference Between 1G, 2G, 3G vs. 4G and 5G:

Simply, the “G” stands for “GENERATION”. As the technology developed, so the G number increases. For instance, 3G, 4G and 5G is more advanced and better than 2G and 1G. Since the emergence of wireless technology, different technologies have been introduced. These technologies help better, fast and secure communication.

Each Generation is defined as a set of telephone network standards , which detail the technological implementation of a particular mobile phone system. The speed increases and the technology used to achieve that speed also changes. For e.g., 1G offers 2.4 kbps, 2G offers 64 Kbps and is based on GSM, 3G offers 144 kbps-2 mbps whereas 4G offers 100 Mbps – 1 Gbps and is based on LTE technology .

1G (1st Generation):

1G was very first commercial telecommunication wireless technology. The very first generation of commercial cellular network was introduced in the late 70’s with fully implemented standards being established throughout the 80’s. It was introduced in 1987 by Telecom (known today as Telstra), Australia received its first cellular mobile phone network utilising a 1G analog system. 1G is an analog technology and the phones generally had poor battery life and voice quality was large without much security, and would sometimes experience dropped calls . These are the analog telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The maximum speed of 1G is 2.4 Kbps .

Technology: 1G employed analog radio signals for communication.

Speed: The speed of 1G was merely up to 2.4Kbps.

Functions: 1G could be used only for voice calls.

Flexibility: Prior to it, telephone required wired connections for communication. After this development, 1G was easy for people to take their phones outdoor.

Replacement: 1G successfully replaces 0G radio technologies, such as Mobile Telephone System (MTS), Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS), and Push to Talk (PTT), dominant in those days.

Success: 1G technology used one universal network standard, called Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), which is still prevalent today.

 

2G (2^nd Generation):

The development of the technology took a new turn and a new generation “2G” was introduced in 1991 in Finland. 2G was based on GSM standard. It was more advanced than its predecessor and almost made that obsolete.  Main motive of this generation was to provide secure and reliable communication channel. It implemented the concept of CDMA and GSM . Provided small data service like SMS and MMS. 2G capabilities are achieved by allowing multiple users on a single channel via multiplexing. 

What’s new: 2G technology allowed users to send and receive text messages and multimedia messages (MMS).

Technology: 2G used digital signals for communication with a radio tower.

Speed: The transfer speed of 2G Network increased many a time and reached theoretically maximum transfer rate of 50Kbps with the help of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).

Battery power: 2G required low battery power due to low consumption of the battery by digital signals.

Quality: The quality of sound is improved and the user does not face any background noise.

Privacy: 2G improved the privacy of users as the messages and MMS were digitally encrypted and the only user can open them.

No more cloned handsets:  In the days of 1G, it was possible to possess two handsets with the same number. But, 2G closed this chapter and ended any chance of fraudulent acts involving two numbers.

 

Disadvantages:

• • Weak signal: If the signals are weak in any specific area, the users will not get network coverage in that area.

• • Digital signal has an angular curve, which jagged decay curve, while analogue has a smooth one. When conditions go worse, the analogue signal will perform better than the digital one.

• • The reduced tone of sound: It occurs on account of the use of lossy compression by the codes.

Although 2G is still available in various countries, some countries have planned to shut it down.

2.5G: It is interim technology between “2G and 3G”. To put it simply, it can be defined as 2G + GPRS. It was more efficient than its predecessors because it used a packet-switching technique beside circuit-switched domain. In fact, it increased the transfer rate of 2G technology. It also enabled users to browse the web on their mobile phones.

2.75G: 2.5G further evolved and resulted in 2.75G, also called (EDGE) Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution. It is faster than GPRS.

 

3G (3^rd Generation):

3G is the next generation and provides better services in all aspects. 3G was introduced in 2001 and follows standards set by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). Web browsing, email, video downloading, picture sharing and other Smartphone technology were introduced in the third generation. The goals set out for third generation mobile communication were to facilitate greater voice and data capacity, support a wider range of applications, and increase data transmission at a lower cost .

The 3G standard utilises a new technology called UMTS as its core network architecture – Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. This network combines aspects of the 2G network with some new technology and protocols to deliver a significantly faster data rate.

Transfer speed: 3G provides fast internet speed but depends upon the technology employed by the provider.

• • 144Kbps-2Mbps

• • WCDMA = 384Kbps

• • HSPA or 3.5G = 7.2Mbps

• • HSPA+ or 3.75G= 21.6 Mbps

Bringing a revolution: 3G completely changed the concept of mobile phone use Different mobile apps like Whatsapp, IMO, can be used for voice and video calls

Applications: GPS, Mobile TV, Video on Demand, Video Conference.

Compatibility with the device: A user can enjoy 3G internet surfing on only 3G supported devices. If the device does not support 3G, it is not possible to enjoy 3G on that device.

Subscription: A user should contact his/her service provider and subscribe to 3G services. Otherwise, he will not be able to enjoy high-speed communication of 3G Technology.

Cost of service: Even though 3G use may cost a large amount of money, customers can avail different data packages offered by their network providers.

 

4G (4^th Generation):

4G is most advanced and upgraded technology available today. 4G is an improved version of 3G. 4G is available in two forms namely, WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwaves Access) and LTE (Long Term Evolution). The LTE version of 4G is widely used and mostly available.

Speed:

• • In early 2008, ITU put forward standards for 4G, under International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) and set minimum speed at 100 Mbps and maximum 1Gbps. A connection providing this transfer rate can be named as 4G.

• • In other words, at a stationary position, the speed must be around 1 Gbps and while moving it must be minimum 100 Mbps.

Applications: HD TV, HD VOD, 3D TV and Games.

4G LTE:

4G LTE is more advanced while considering transfer rate. As it was difficult to reach the required transfer rate, the regulating body introduced LTE could be named as a substitute of 4G, if it surpassed 3G. Another faster version of LTE is LTE+.

 

5G (5^th Generation):

5G is much discussed next generation, and possibly many times faster than present-day 4G. 5G technology is being tested in laboratories and has been run only on an experimental basis.

Possible applications: Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, Self-driving cars.

Possible technology: The primary technology to be used can be Millimeter wave bands which operate at the 30 GHz to 300 GHz range. The contemporary band, used by network providers is below 6 GHz.

Expected speed: The downloading and uploading speed can be around 20 Gbps and 10 Gbps respectively.

Expected release date: According to British authorities, the schedule for the launch of 5G in the UK is by 2020.

 

Mobile Operating System:

A mobile operating system (mobile OS) is an operating system built exclusively for a mobile device such as a smartphone, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablets, smart watches or other mobile devices.

A mobile OS is software that allows smartphones, tablet PCs (personal computers) and other devices to run applications and programs. A mobile operating system is an operating system that runs only on mobile devices. It is similar kind of software as the computer operating systems like Linux, Windows and Mac, but is relatively simple and light.

Mobile operating systems vary from device to device. Apple has their own system that they call iOS. Samsung phones, for example, use the Android operating system, and even Windows gets into the action with their own phones and Windows OS.

A mobile OS typically starts up when a device powers on, presenting a screen with icons or tiles that present information and provide application access. Mobile operating systems also manage cellular and wireless network connectivity, as well as phone access.

Mobile operating systems combine features of a personal computer operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use, and usually including a wireless inbuilt modem and SIM tray for telephony and data connection.

The operating systems found on smartphones include Symbian OS, iPhone OS, RIM’s BlackBerry, Windows Mobile, Palm WebOS, Android, and Maemo. Android, WebOS, and Maemo are all derived from Linux. The iPhone OS originated from BSD and NeXTSTEP, which are related to Unix.

 

Most popular Mobile operating systems:

Android OS: The Android operating system is the most popular operating system today. It is a mobile OS based on the Linux Kernel and open-source software. The android operating system was developed by Google. The first Android device was launched in 2008.

iPhone OS / iOS: The iOS was developed by the Apple inc for the use on its device. The iOS operating system is the most popular operating system today. It is a very secure operating system. The iOS operating system is not available for any other mobiles. iOS runs the company’s iPod, iPad, iPhone, and Apple Watch devices. It is only available on Apple products and responds to commands from the user’s fingertips. iOS features iTunes for music and the App Store for everything else. One of the benefits of the Apple operating system is its built-in video chatting and Apple Music capabilities.

Bada (Samsung Electronics): Bada is a Samsung mobile operating system that was launched in 2010. The Samsung wave was the first mobile to use the bada operating system. The bada operating system offers many mobile features, such as 3-D graphics, application installation, and multipoint-touch.

BlackBerry OS: The BlackBerry operating system is a mobile operating system developed by Research In Motion (RIM). This operating system was designed specifically for BlackBerry handheld devices. This operating system is beneficial for the corporate users because it provides synchronization with Microsoft Exchange, Novell GroupWise email, Lotus Domino, and other business software when used with the BlackBerry Enterprise Server.

Symbian OS: Symbian operating system is a mobile operating system that provides a high-level of integration with communication. The Symbian operating system is based on the java language. It combines middleware of wireless communications and personal information management (PIM) functionality. The Symbian operating system was developed by Symbian Ltd in 1998 for the use of mobile phones. Nokia was the first company to release Symbian OS on its mobile phone at that time.

Windows Phone OS: The window phone OS is a mobile operating system that was developed by Microsoft. It was designed for the pocket PCs and smart mobiles. A version of the Windows mobile OS uses the tiled layout; it can be rearranged and moved to the user’s preferences.

Harmony OS: The harmony operating system is the latest mobile operating system that was developed by Huawei for the use of its devices. It is designed primarily for IoT devices.

Palm OS: The palm operating system is a mobile operating system that was developed by Palm Ltd for use on personal digital assistants (PADs). It was introduced in 1996. Palm OS is also known as the Garnet OS.

WebOS (Palm/HP): The WebOS is a mobile operating system that was developed by Palm. It based on the Linux Kernel. The HP uses this operating system in its mobile and touchpads.

 

Features of mobile operating systems:

Mobile operating systems deliver various features to users, and the distinguishing feature that mobile operating systems offer is the ability to connect to the internet via the smartphone’s built-in modem and a wireless service provider. This is a major difference between mobile operating systems and most desktop operating systems, which rely on a Wi-Fi network or Ethernet connection to access the internet.

Many mobile OS offer a native web browser application, which allows users to search the internet and visit webpages. Mobile operating systems also offer application stores, which allow users to download and interface with mobile applications. Several mobile operating systems also have native GPS (global positioning system) applications that allow users to search for locations, follow step-by-step directions and, in some cases, share location with different devices. The GPS feature, of course, relies on the mobile device’s hardware and can’t run without that support.

While some native applications come with mobile operating systems such as iOS and Android, the mobile app stores open up new possibilities for users. In some cases, the applications add new features and improved user interface for websites that are accessible via a web browser, but other applications bring new functionality to the mobile devices.

Other common mobile operating system features include native email applications that allow users to link their work and personal email accounts, a calendar application that users can keep track of tasks, meetings and events, and a contacts library to organize and search for contact information.

 

Types of mobile operating systems

There are numerous mobile device operating systems available today, and two of the most widely adopted are the iPhone’s OS, Apple iOS, and Google’s open source OS, Google Android. These two mobile OSes take different approaches to the mobile operating system.

Google Android:

Android is a mobile operating system designed for smartphones and tablets. The operating system is very powerful, enabling access to a diverse set of hardware resources on a smartphone or tablet. Android is provided by Google and is continually updated, improved, and extended. This makes the development of apps for Android smartphones and tablets both exciting and challenging.

Android is an open-source mobile OS developed by Google and launched in 2008. Android is a Linux-based OS that uses Linux 2.6 to provide core services such as security, memory management, process management, network stack, and a driver model. It offers a wide range of libraries that enable the app developers to build different applications. Android applications are usually written in Java programming language 

Android OS is owned by Google and powered by the Linux kernel, which can be found on a wide range of devices.

Android is an open source operating system which allows developers to access unlocked hardware and develop new programs as they wish.

This means it allows unlimited access to anyone who wants to develop apps, and places very little restriction on its licensing, so users benefit from masses of free content.

Android is currently the dominant smartphone platform due to its tremendous traction with a wide spectrum of users.

Some of the best features of Android include the ability to customise multiple home screens with useful widgets and apps that give us quicker, easier access to the content and functions we most care about.

It also has an excellent capacity for multitasking – with the ability to close programs by simply swiping them away.

Finally, the Google Play Store – which is the Android equivalent of the Apple App Store – is home to millions of apps, many of which are completely free.

 

 Apple iOS:

Apple iOS is a closed-source code mobile phone OS developed by Apple in 2007; it is used by Apple-only products (iPhone, iPod, and iPad). The iOS architecture is based on three layers incorporated with each other. Cocoa touch is a layer that provides some basic infrastructure used by applications. The second layer is the media layer, which provides audio services, animation video, image formats, and documents in addition to providing two-dimensional (2D) and 3D drawings and audio and video support. The third layer is the core OS, which provides core services such as low-level data types, start-up services, network connection, and access .

The Apple iOS multi-touch, multi-tasking operating system is that runs Apple iPhones, iPads – and any iPods still in use – with a special version powering the Apple Watch too.

Like most operating systems, iOS responds to the user’s touch – allowing us to tap on the screen to open a program, pinch our fingers together to minimise or enlarge an image, or swipe our finger across the screen to change pages.

The Apple iOS is not allowed to be used in third party systems, so we will only be able to use it on products made by Apple. It comes with the Safari web browser for internet use, Apple Music application for playing music, and Apple’s Mail for managing our emails all pre-installed.

We can download millions of applications currently available on the App Store directly to any device running iOS, either on an iPhone or an iPad. These encompass everything from recipe books to guitar tutorials to games.

 

Components of a Mobile Operating System

The components of a mobile OS are same as a basic OS. The components are as follows:

1. Kernel: A kernel is the core/heart of an OS. It contains all the functions and operations to manage the working of OS.

2. Process Execution: The OS executes various process so that the statements will execute and connect the application program to the hardware. Whenever a process executes it uses memory, space and other resources as well.

3. Interrupt: Interrupts are basically used be the hardware devices to communicate with the CPU. It is basically a signal which the device generates to request the CPU. Moreover, whenever an interrupt occurs the CPU temporarily stops executing its current process.

4. Memory Management: It is the management of the main or primary memory. Furthermore, whatever program is executed, it has to be present in the main memory. Therefore, there can be more than one program present at a time. Hence, it is required to manage the memory.

The operating system:

• • Allocates and deallocates the memory.

• • Keeps a record of which part of primary memory is used by whom and how much.

• • Distributes the memory while multiprocessing.

5. Multitasking: It is performing more than one tasks at a time. The OS allows the user to work wit more than one process at a time without any problem.

6. Security: The OS keeps the system and programs safe and secure through authentication. A user id and password decide the authenticity of the user.

7. User Interface: GUI stands for Graphical User Interface. As the name suggests, it provides a graphical interface for the user to interact with the computer. It uses icons, menus, etc. to interact with the user. Moreover, the user can easily interact by just clicking these items. Therefore, it is very user friendly and there is no need to remember any commands.

 

Application Development Platforms

Android Studio:

Android Studio is Android’s official IDE (Integrated Development Environment) for android application development. It was first announced at a Google I/O conference in 2013 and was released to the general public in 2014. Prior to its release, Android development was handled predominantly through Eclipse IDE, which is a more generic Java IDE that also supports numerous other programming languages.

As an IDE then, Android Studio’s job is to provide the interface for you to create your apps and to handle much of the complicated file-management behind the scenes. The programming language you will be using is either Java or Kotlin. If you choose Java, this will be installed separately on your machine. Android Studio is simply where you will write, edit and save your projects and the files that comprise said projects. At the same time, Android Studio will give you access to the Android SDK or ‘Software Development Kit’. 

 Java is needed to write the programs, the Android SDK is needed to make those programs run on Android and Android Studio has the job of putting it all together for you. At the same time, Android Studio also enables you to run your code, either through an emulator or through a piece of hardware connected to your machine. You’ll then also be able to ‘debug’ the program as it runs and get feedback explaining crashes etc. so that you can more quickly solve the problem.

Features of Android Studio:

Layout Editor

We can build the layout quickly by adding different attributes either by hard-code or drag and drop using the layout editor feature of the android studio. The layout editor feature can also be used, to preview the codes that can be seen easily on the visual editor screen and changes can be made accordingly by resizing it dynamically.

Templates

Android also has the feature of templates built-in. If you know to build that accordingly that makes your task easier. Templates can be used to create common Android designs and components.

Support KOTLIN

KOTLIN can be considered the official language for Android. It runs fast and equivalent to Java. Kotlin can be easily learned and used by java developers as it based on automated Java only.

Emulator

The emulator feature of the android studio provides an emulator that is exactly like the android phones to test how the application looks like in physical devices. It gives real-time experience to Android applications. It allows you to test your applications faster and on different-different configuration devices like tablets, android phones, etc. Basically it helps to run and debug apps in the Android studio.

Enabling Integration with Firebase

You can get real-time experience with IoT based project development with dynamic upgrades in the application using the firebase feature of an android studio. Chat applications can be created by using firebase connectivity it helps you to give a happy chat experience.

Intelligence Code Editor:

Android Studio provides you with the intelligent and quick code editor. This will help you and guide you with the accurate code. It helps you to complete code in advance and analyze your code in advance before building. Android studio has the special feature of the development of code by the drop-down list with suggesting the code you can integrate.

Eclipse:

Eclipse is a powerful, open source, integrated development environment (IDE) that facilitates the creation of desktop, mobile, and web applications. Eclipse is a highly versatile and adaptable tool. Many types of applications and programming languages can be used by adding different “plug-ins.” For example, plug-ins are available for a very large number of programming languages as diverse as COBOL, PHP, Java, Ruby, and C++, to name a few. Additionally, plug-ins provide the capability to develop for different platforms, such as Android, Blackberry, and Windows. Many of the tools in the Eclipse IDE will be explained through the act of developing an Android app.

In the context of computing, Eclipse is an integrated development environment (IDE) for developing applications using the Java programming language and other programming languages such as C/C++, Python, PERL, Ruby etc.

Eclipse began as a Java IDE but has since grown to support many different programming languages. For several years, a version of Eclipse with an Android plug-in (ADT) was the recommended development environment for the Android platform. Although Google has ceased support for ADT, many mobile developers continue to use Eclipse to create Android apps.

 

Key Features:

·      Support for multiple languages and operating systems

·    Extensive customization abilities

·     Large marketplace of plug-ins

·     Integration with Git, Maven and many other popular development tools

·      Large community and user base

Programming languages supported: Java, C, C++, C#, Cobol, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Ruby and many others.

Target operating systems: Any, including Windows, Linux, macOS and Android

Runs on: Any system that supports Java, including Windows, Linux, macOS

System Requirements:

·   32- or 64-bit Windows, 64-bit macOS, or 32- or 64-bit Linux

·   Java 8 JRE/JDK

Technologies for Mobile Application Development

Java:

Java is one of the powerful general-purpose programming languages, created in 1995 by Sun Microsystems Java is an incredibly powerful and well-established programming language with a wealth of libraries and tools that can help anyone build a mobile app.

Java is a specialist’s language when it comes to the development of web and mobile applications. The language runs on over 5.5 billion devices and is used specifically for the development of android apps. However, it can also be used to develop iOS apps.

It’s easy to learn, has cross-platform capabilities, and it’s secure, making it a language of choice for app development.

Java syntax is similar to C/C++. But Java does not provide low-level programming functionalities like pointers. Also, Java code is always written in the form of classes and objects. Android heavily relies on the Java programming language all the SDKs required to build for android applications use the standard libraries of Java. If one is coming from a traditional programming background like C, C++, Java is easy to learn.

Java is one of the most famous languages used to develop applications since the applications developed using Java have cross-platform compatibility. As far as mobile app development is concerned, you need to make the best choice so that your mobile app stands out from others.

Java for mobile app development is an all-time favourite since it offers several benefits and is highly preferred over other available languages.

Features of Java Programming Language:

Simple and Familiar: Java is simple because, its coding style is very clean and easy to understand. It removes complexity because it doesn’t use complex and difficult features of other languages like C and C++.

Compiled and Interpreted: Usually, a computer language can be either compiled or interpreted. Java integrates the power of Compiled Languages with the flexibility of Interpreted Languages. Java compiler (javac) compiles the java source code into the bytecode. Java Virtual Machine (JVM) then executes this bytecode which is executable on many operating systems and is portable.

Platform Independent: The most significant feature of Java is that it provides platform independence which leads to a facility of portability, which ultimately becomes its biggest strength.

Being platform-independent means a program compiled on one machine can be executed on any machine in the world without any change. Java achieves platform independence by using the concept of the BYTE code.

Object-Oriented: Java strongly supports the concepts of Object-Oriented Programming due to which it is called a pure object-oriented language. Java supports major Object-Oriented programming features like Encapsulation, Abstraction, and Inheritance. Almost everything in Java is an object. All programs and data live within objects and classes.

Robust: Java is robust as it is capable of handling run-time errors, supports automatic garbage collection and exception handling, and avoids explicit pointer concept. Java has a strong memory management system. It helps in eliminating errors as it checks the code during both compile and runtime.

Secure: Security is an important issue for any programming language as there is a threat of malicious activities and viruses. Java supports access modifiers to check memory access and also ensures that no viruses enter an applet.

Java is a more secure language as compared to C/C++, as it does not allow a programmer to explicitly create pointers. Thus in Java, we can not gain access to a particular variable if we do not initialize it properly.

XML:

XML, short for eXtensible Markup Language, is a set of tags and codes that help carry the data presented on the website. XML does not define how the data is displayed; instead just transports it. The main objective of XML design is to ensure simplicity and compatibility, making it platform and programming language independent. 

Features of XML:

XML comes with a lot of features that make it stand out from other languages. Here is the list of come salient features of XML .

• Extensible and Human Readable – Most XML applications will work as expected even if new data is added. 
• Overall Simplicity – XML simplifies data sharing, data transport, platform changes, and data availability. XML makes it easier to extend or upgrade to new operating systems, new apps, or new browsers without losing data. Data can be made available to a variety of “reading machines,” such as people, computers, voice machines, news feeds, and so on.
• Separates data from HTML – Data can be saved in different XML files using XML. This way, you can concentrate on using HTML/CSS for display and layout while knowing that changes to the underlying data will not require HTML changes.
• Allows XML Validation – A DTD or XML schema can be used to validate an XML document. This ensures that the XML document is syntactically valid and prevents any problems from arising from a faulty XML.
• XML supports Unicode – XML is Unicode-compatible, which means it can communicate practically any information in any written human language.

XML Syntax:

Let us now look at the XML syntax and declaration.

The following is the basic XML syntax – 

<?xml version = “1.0” encoding = “UTF-8” ?>

<root>

    <child>

        <subchild>…..</subchild>

    </child>

</root>

XML Declaration: 

The following code shows the syntax for XML declaration :

<?xml version=”version_number,” encoding=”character_encoding” standalone=”yes_or_no” ?>

XML Comments: 

Comments are optional. Adding comments to a document can help you comprehend it better. 

<?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”utf-8″?>

<!– This is XML Declaration–>

Limitations of XML :

• The access speed of XML is not optimized. XML documents are intended to be fully loaded before being used as a data source. Every time the parser reads in the markup, it must do a syntax check. Modern databases, on the other hand, are designed for rapid data lookups and updates.
• XML is not a compact language. There is no standard XML compression technique. Uncompressed text is expected by XML parsers. Either deal with big text files or build a sophisticated method for compressing and decompressing on the fly, which will increase your processing overhead.
• Embedded markup isn’t appropriate for all types of data. For text data with a hierarchical structure, XML is the best option. It doesn’t provide much in the way of binary data.

XML Properties:

1. XML is a markup language that focuses on data rather than how the data looks.
2. XML is designed to send, store, receive and display data. In simple words we can say that XML is used for storing and transporting data.
3. XML became a W3C (W3C stands for World Wide Web Consortium, the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web) recommendation on February 10, 1998.
4. XML is different from HTML. XML focuses on data while HTML focuses on how the data looks.
5. XML does not depend on software and hardware, it is platform and programming language independent.
6. Unlike HTML where most of the tags are predefined, XML doesn’t have predefined tags, rather we have to create our own tags.

 

Displaying XML Using CSS:

XML stands for Extensible Markup Language. It is a dynamic markup language. It is used to transform data from one form to another form.
An XML file can be displayed using two ways. These are as follows :-

1. Cascading Style Sheet (CSS)
2. Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation (XSLT)

Displaying XML file using CSS:

CSS can be used to display the contents of the XML document in a clear and precise manner. It gives the design and style to whole XML document.

Basic steps in defining a CSS style sheet for XML :

For defining the style rules for the XML document, the following things should be done:

1. Define the style rules for the text elements such as font-size, color, font-weight, etc.
2. Define each element either as a block, inline or list element, using the display property of CSS.
3. Identify the titles and bold them.

Linking XML with CSS :

In order to display the XML file using CSS, link XML file with CSS. Below is the syntax for linking the XML file with CSS:

<?xml-stylesheet type=”text/css” href=”name_of_css_file.css”?>

Example: In this example, the XML file is created that contains the information about five books and displaying the XML file using CSS.

XML file:

Creating Books.xml as:

<?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”UTF-8″?>

<?xml-stylesheet type=”text/css” href=”style.css”?>

<books>

    <heading>Welcome To Book House </heading>

    <book>

        <title>Title : Web Programming</title>

        <author>Author : Chrisbates</author>

        <publisher>Publisher : Wiley</publisher>

        <edition>Edition : 3</edition>

        <price> Price : 300</price>

    </book>

    <book>

        <title>Title : Internet world-wide-web</title>

        <author>Author : Ditel</author>

        <publisher>Publisher : Pearson</publisher>

        <edition>Edition : 3</edition>

        <price>Price : 400</price>

    </book>

    <book>

        <title>Title : Computer Networks</title>

        <author>Author : Foruouzan</author>

        <publisher>Publisher : Mc Graw Hill</publisher>

        <edition>Edition : 5</edition>

        <price>Price : 700</price>

    </book>

    <book>

        <title>Title : DBMS Concepts</title>

        <author>Author : Navath</author>

        <publisher>Publisher : Oxford</publisher>

        <edition>Edition : 5</edition>

        <price>Price : 600</price>

    </book>

    <book>

        <title>Title -: Linux Programming</title>

        <author>Author -: Subhitab Das</author>

        <publisher>Publisher -: Oxford</publisher>

        <edition>Edition -: 8</edition>

        <price>Price -: 300</price>

    </book>

</books>

In the above example, Books.xml is linked with style.css which contains the corresponding style sheet rules.

CSS FILE :

Creating style.css as:

books {

     color: white;

     background-color : gray;

     width: 100%;

}

 heading {

     color: green;

     font-size : 40px;

     background-color : powderblue;

}

 heading, title, author, publisher, edition, price {

     display : block;

}

 title {

     font-size : 25px;

     font-weight : bold;

}

Displaying XML Using XSLT:

XSLT stands for Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation.

• XSLT is used to transform XML document from one form to another form.
• XSLT uses Xpath to perform matching of nodes to perform these transformation .
• The result of applying XSLT to XML document could be an another XML document, HTML, text or any another document from technology perspective.
• The XSL code is written within the XML document with the extension of (.xsl).
• In other words, an XSLT document is a different kind of XML document.

XML Namespace: 

• XML Namespaces are the unique names.
• XML Namespace is a mechanism by which element or attribute is assigned to a group.
• XML Namespace is used to avoid the name conflicts in the XML document.
•  XML Namespace is recommended by W3C.

XML Namespace Declaration:

It is declared using reserved attribute such as the attribute is xmlns or it can begin with xmlns:

Syntax:

 <element xmlns:name = “URL”>

where

• Namespace starts with the xmlns.
• The word name is the namespace prefix.
• the URL is the namespace identifier.

Example:

In this example, creating the XML file that contains the information about five students and displaying the XML file using XSLT.

XML file:

Creating Students.xml as:

<?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”UTF-8″ ?>

<?xml-stylesheet type=”text/xsl” href=”students.xsl”?>

<students>

<student>

<name>Rahul</name>

<roll>1</roll>

<age>20</age>

<address>Tsk</address>

</student>

<student>

<name>Rahul</name>

<roll>1</roll>

<age>20</age>

<address>Tsk</address>

</student>

<student>

<name>Rahul</name>

<roll>1</roll>

<age>20</age>

<address>Tsk</address>

</student>

<student>

<name>Rahul</name>

<roll>1</roll>

<age>20</age>

<address>Tsk</address>

</student>

<student>

<name>Rahul</name>

<roll>1</roll>

<age>20</age>

<address>Tsk</address>

</student>

</students>

In the above example, Students.xml is created and linking it with Rule.xsl which contains the corresponding XSL style sheet rules.

XSLT Code:

Creating students.xsl as:

<?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”UTF-8″ ?>

<xsl:stylesheet version=”1.0″ xmlns:xsl=”http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform”>

<xsl:template match=”/”>

<html>

    <head>

        <title>Students Details</title>

       </head>

    <body>

        <h1 align=”center”>Students Details</h1>

        <table border=”3″ align=”center” >

   <tr>

    <th>Name</th>

    <th>Roll</th>

    <th>Age</th>

    <th>Address</th>

   </tr>

    <xsl:for-each select=”students/student”>

   <tr>

    <td><xsl:value-of select=”name”/></td>

    <td><xsl:value-of select=”roll”/></td>

    <td><xsl:value-of select=”age”/></td>

    <td><xsl:value-of select=”address”/></td>

   </tr>

    </xsl:for-each>

    </table>

</body>

</html>

</xsl:template>

</xsl:stylesheet>

HTML vs XML:

Although HTML and XML are markup languages, they have significant differences. Here’s a list of the differences. 

HTML	XML
HTML is a markup language that focuses on how data appears.	XML is to transport and store data. It focuses on what the data is
HTML is a markup language in its own right.	XML is a standard for defining markup languages.
Format driven	Content Driven
HTML is not case sensitive	XML is case sensitive
HTML has predefined tags of its own.	Tags can be defined as needed.
Because HTML is used to present data, it is static.	Because XML is used to send data, it is dynamic.
HTML does not preserve whitespaces	Whitespaces are preserved by XML.
Namespace is not supported	Namespace is supported
HTML is a comparatively large doc	XML is smaller

HTML5:

HTML5 is the latest version of HTML, the markup language used to build structure or content on World Wide Web. HTML5 is the latest web standard by W3C. Earlier HTML was used only to build webpage structure, but HTML5 is a full on package to build websites, handle presentation, add functionalities and Web APIs.

HTML5 is the recommended version to build modern web applications as it is light and fastest version of Hypertext Mark up Language, the code that describes web pages. HTML5 was formed in 2011.

HTML5 Stack:

Html5 is the combination of three web technologies:

HTML : to build webpage structure,
CSS: to enhance look and feel( presentation layer), and
JavaScript : to add functionality to HTML elements.

The term HTML5 means not only HTML, it is a combination of HTML, CSS and Javascript with APIs. For example, drawing and animation using canvas, offline storage, microdata, audio and video, drag and drop, geolocation, embedded fonts, web APIs etc. HTML5 includes new semantic tags and some old tags( with redefinition ).

HTML + CSS + JAVASCRIPT = HTML5

HTML5 Features:

New Features in HTML5 includes semantic tags, media tags (Audio & Video), Canvas, SVG, Geolocation, Web Storages, etc. Here is a complete list of HTML5 Features.

New Semantic Tags: <header>, <nav>, <section>, <article>, <footer> etc.

New Form Controls: New attributes, New input types, progress bar etc

SVG: <svg> Tag for vector based drawings, shapes, pie and bar graphs, maps etc

Canvas: <canvas> tag for 2-d drawings using javascript.

Audio and Video:

Geolocation:

Microdata:

Drag n drop:

 

HTML5 Template:

Default Template for HTML5 based websites.

<!doctype html>                                                   

<html lang=”en”>            //lang embedded in html

<head>

<title>HTML5 Page</title>

<meta charset=”utf-8″>      //Short charset meta tag

<link href=”style.css” rel=”stylesheet”> //No Type attribute

<script src=”file.js”></script>    //No Type attribute required

</head>

<body>

    <h1>My First HTML5 page.</h1>

</body>

</html>

How to Embed Audio and Video in HTML?

To embed audio in HTML, we use the <audio> tag. Before HTML5, audio cannot be added to web pages in the Internet Explorer era. To play audio, we used web plugins like Flash. After the release of HTML5, it is possible. This tag supports Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Opera, and Edge in three audio formats – MP3, WAV, OGG. Only Safari browser doesn’t support OGG audio format.

 

Syntax:

<audio>

 <source src=”file_name” type=”audio_file_type”>

</audio>

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Page Title</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Click play button to play audio</h2>

<audio src=”./test.mp3″ controls></audio>

</body>

</html>

How to embed video in HTML?

To embed video in HTML, we use the <video> tag. It contains one or more video sources at a time using <source> tag. It supports MP4, WebM, and Ogg in all modern browsers. Only Ogg video format doesn’t support in Safari browser. 

Syntax

<video>

    <source src=”file_name” type=”video_file_type”>

</video>

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Page Title</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Click play button to play video</h2>

<video src=”./test.mp4″ controls></video>

</body>

</html>

or you can use the following code:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Page Title</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Click play button to play video</h2>

<video controls>

<source  src=”./test.mp4″>

</video>

</body>

</html>

J-Query:

jQuery is a fast, small, and feature-rich JavaScript library. It makes things like HTML document traversal and manipulation, event handling, animation, and Ajax much simpler with an easy-to-use API that works across a multitude of browsers. With a combination of versatility and extensibility, jQuery has changed the way that millions of people write JavaScript.

What is jQuery

• jQuery is a small and lightweight JavaScript library.
• jQuery is cross-platform.
• jQuery is easy to learn.
• jQuery greatly simplifies JavaScript programming.

• jQuery means “write less do more”.
• jQuery simplifies AJAX call and DOM manipulation.

C# (C-Sharp):

C# is a programming language developed by Microsoft that runs on the .NET Framework.

C# is used to develop web apps, desktop apps, mobile apps, games and much more.

C# is pronounced as “C-Sharp“. It is an object-oriented programming language provided by Microsoft that runs on .Net Framework.

By the help of C# programming language, we can develop different types of secured and robust applications:

• Window applications
• Web applications
• Distributed applications
• Web service applications
• Database applications etc.