12.     Explain GSM, GPRS?

Ans:

GSM: GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications. It is a standard that specifies how 2G (second generation) cellular networks operate. GSM was a significant improvement over the first generation of cellular networks and represented a transition from analog to digital telecommunications.

GSM is the most widely accepted standard in telecommunications and it is implemented globally. It is an open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services. GSM was developed using digital technology. It has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates.

GSM technology was developed as a digital system using the time division multiple access (TDMA) technique for communication purposes. Presently GSM supports more than one billion mobile subscribers in more than 210 countries throughout the world. GSM provides basic to advanced voice and data services including roaming service. Roaming is the ability to use your GSM phone number in another GSM network.

GPRS: GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a very widely-deployed wireless data service, available now with most GSM networks. It offers throughput rates of up to 40 kbps, enabling mobile handsets to access online services at a similar speed to a dial-up modem, but with the convenience of being able to connect from almost anywhere.

GPRS enables people to enjoy advanced, feature-rich data services, such as e-mail on the move, multimedia messages, social networking and location-based services.

GPRS provides computer and mobile users with a steady Internet connection. The packet-oriented characteristic enhances the data transfer speed. In order to make use of GPRS, users should possess a terminal or mobile phone that has GPRS support, and a GPRS-compatible mobile network subscription.

 

Advantages of GPRS: 

High-speed:GPRS offers an optimum speed of 171.2 kbps, which is almost three times quicker than the data transfer speed of fixed telecommunications networks. Also, it is ten times faster than the existing GSM network services. 

Instant connection and immediate data transfer: GPRS provides instantaneous and steady connections, which permit data to be sent wherever and whenever required. 

Cost-effective solution: Minimizes the incremental expenditure required forproviding data services. This in turn enables increase in the penetration of data services amongst business and consumer users  

Innovative and superior applications: GPRS facilitates usage of Internetapplications over mobile networks. This includes Web browsing, IM messages, e-commerce and location oriented applications. In addition, it allows for file transfer and the ability to remotely gain access for monitoring or controlling machines and house appliances.

 

13.     What is the frequency range of uplink and downlink in GSM network?

Ans:

The frequency range of uplink in GSM network is 890-960 MHz

The frequency range of downlink in GSM network is 935-960 MHz

 

14.     Mention the advantages and disadvantages of GSM.

 

Ans: Advantages and disadvantages of GSM:

GSM is a cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services developed by European Telecommunications standards Institutes to describe the protocols for second generation digital cellular networks. 

GSM provides standard features like cell phone encryption, data networking, caller ID, call forwarding, call waiting, SMS and conferencing and it can be used in an application like home automation, mobile technology, toll collection, energy conversion etc. GSM has both advantages and disadvantages of which consumers should be aware of. 

 

Advantages of GSM:

    ·        More suitable network with robust features.

    ·        No roaming charges on International calls. 

    ·        Worldwide connectivity and extensive coverage. 

    ·        The phone works based on the SIM card so that it is easy to change the different varieties of phones by users. 

    ·        GSM signals don’t have any deterioration. 

    ·        Easy to integrate GSM with other wireless technology such as CDMA and LTE.

    ·        It has the ability to use repeaters. 

    ·        Because of the pulse nature of transmission talk time is generally high.

 

Disadvantages of GSM:

    ·    It can interfere with certain electronics, such as hearing aids that are due to pulse transmission technology. As a result, many locations, such as hospitals, airports and petrol pumps require cell phones to be turned off. 

    ·        To increase coverage repeaters are required to be installed. 

    ·        It provided limited data rate capability so for high data rate advanced version of GSM devices are used. 

    ·        GSM has fixed maximum call sites range up to 35 km that is very limited. 

    ·        There is no end-to-end encryption of user data. 

    ·        Several incompatibilities within the GSM standards. 

    ·        Electromagnetic radiation is more with the use of GSM.

 

15.     What does SIM card contain?

Ans:

• a personal identity number(PIN)

• a PIN unblocking key(PUK)

 • an authentication key

• the international mobile subscriber identity(IMSI)

 

16.     What is CDMA

 

Ans: CDMA stands for ‘Code Division Multiple Access’. CDMA is a digital cellular network standard that utilizes spread-spectrum technology. It is the standard access method that follows mobile phone applications. 

CDMA is a channel access method used primarily by mobile communication technologies. It allows multiple access which means several transmitters can send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. Different CDMA codes are assigned to different users and for the entire duration user can access complete bandwidth. There is no limit on user frequency range and user uses available bandwidth completely. There is no undue interference and users can share a band of frequencies. CDMA technology is used in military, commercial applications, mobile communications, Radar, and navigation systems.

In CDMA, multiple users are allotted different codes that consist of sequences of 0 and 1 to access the same channels. A special coding scheme is used that allows signals from multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel.

 

17.     What is UMTS?

Ans: The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is a third generation (3G) mobile communications system that provides a range of broadband services to the world of wireless and mobile communications.

 

18.    What do you mean by MMS?

Ans: The multimedia messaging service (MMS) transfers asynchronous multimedia content. MMS supports different media types such as JPEG, GIF, text and AMR coded audio. There is no fixed upper bound for the message size. Depending on the network operator and device capabilities typical sizes are 30100 Kbytes.

 

19.    What is iOS?

Ans: iOS is a closed and proprietary operating system fully owned and controlled by Apple and not designed to be used by various mobile phone vendors on their systems.

On 9 January 2007, Apple declared that it would launch iPhone using iOS as the operating system. The first iOS, called iOS 1, was released on 29 June 2007.

 

20.     Explain feature of 2G and 3G.

Ans:

 3G  

·        Speed of up to 2 Mbps

·        Increased bandwidth and data transfer rates

·        Send/receive large email messages

·        Large capacities and broadband capabilities

 

2G

·        Data speeds of up to 64 kbps

·        Use of digital signals instead of analog

·        Enabled services such as SMS and MMS (Multimedia Message)

·        Provided better quality voice calls

·        It used a bandwidth of 30 to 200 KHz

 

21.     Write a short note on WIFI and WIMAX.

Ans:

WiFi: WiFistands for Wireless Fidelity. WiFi uses Radio waves to provide wireless high-speed internet and network connections. A WiFi connection is established using a wireless adapter to create hotspots. WiFi antennas size small enough to ne placed on a very small router. WiFi can be used to connect with printer, computers, gaming consoles and many more.

 

WiMax:WiMax stands for Wireless Inter-operability for Microwave Access. WiMax uses licensed or unlicensed spectrum to deliver connection to network. WiMax handle a larger inter-operable network. WiMax can be used to provide internet services such as mobile data and WiFi spots.

 

22.    Write the difference between CDMA and GSM.

Ans: For years, CDMA and GSM have been the two primary cellular, but incompatible, 2G and 3G transmission systems. Old cellphones support either CDMA or GSM, while newer models handle both. Although all current phones support 4G LTE, if they do not have both CDMA and GSM built in, users cannot switch carriers and be guaranteed service. The problem is that in rural or highly congested areas, transmission may throttle down from LTE to 3G. 

 

23.      How is GPRS higher than 2G?

Ans: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an extension of GSM and is considered to be the 2.5 generation technology. It is based on packet switching compared to circuit switching used in 2G. This was a significant improvement over 2G and helped to reduce call costs dramatically. It allows users to remain connected to the Internet without incurring additional charge and supports multimedia capabilities including graphics and video communications.

 

24.      How is 3G higher than GPRS?

Ans: The 3G systems support much higher data transmission rates and offer increased bandwidth, which makes them suitable for high-speed data applications as well as for high quality traditional voice calls. The 3G systems can be considered to be purely data networks, since voice signals are converted to digital data.

 

25. What are the different 1G standards used?

Ans:

AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) in the USA

 NMT 450 (Nordic Mobile Telephone) in various European countries

TACS (Total Access Communications System) in the UK

 

26.     List out the limitations of GPRS. 

 Ans: Speeds of 177.2 kbps would require a user to use all eight timeslots without any error protection – which simply won’t happen. Initial terminals are likely to use only 1-3 timeslots anyway, limiting the available bandwidth to a GPRS user. 

 When GPRS packets are sent to a destination they are sent in all different directions – allowing for the potential for one or some of those packets to be corrupted or even lost altogether during the data transmission over the radio link. This is inherent in wireless packet technologies so data integrity and retransmission strategies are incorporated – which in turn result in potential transit delays.

 Although available radio resource can be concurrently shared between several users, an increase in the numbers of users will slow data services down for each user.

 

27.     List out the features of android.

Ans:

Features of Android:

Beautiful UI:Android OS basic screen provides a beautiful and intuitive user interface.

Storage: SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes.

 Connectivity: Supports GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, WiFi, LTE, NFC and WiMAX. 

 Messaging: Supports both SMS and MMS.

 Web browser: Based on the open-source WebKit layout engine, together with Chrome’s V8 JavaScript engine  supporting HTML5 and CSS3.

 Media support: Support the following media: H.263, H.264 (in 3GP or MP4 container), MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB (in 3GP container), AAC, HE-AAC (in MP4 or 3GP container), MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP

Hardware: support Accelerometer Sensor, Camera, Digital Compass, Proximity Sensor, and GPS. 

Multi-touch: Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in handsets such as the HTC Hero.

 Multi-tasking: User can jump from one task to another and same time various applications can run simultaneously.

 Flash support: Android 2.3 supports Flash 10.1.

 Tethering: Supports sharing of Internet connections as a wired/wireless hotspot

 Wi-Fi Direct: A technology that lets apps discover and pair directly, over a high-bandwidth peer-to-peer connection.

 

28.     List out the GPRS applications.

Ans:

Chat:  It is used as means to communicate and discuss matters of common interest. GPRS will offer ubiquitous chat by integrating Internet Chat and Wireless Chat using SMS and WAP.

Multimedia Services:Multimedia objects like photographs, pictures postcards, greeting cards and presentations, static web pages can be sent and received over the mobile network. It can be used for monitoring parking lots or building sites for intruders and thieves. This can also be used by law enforcement agents, journalists and insurance agents for sending images of accident site.

Virtual Private Network:GPRS is used to provide VPN services. As the bandwidth is higher so many banks in India are migrating to GPRS-based networks. This is expected to reduce the transaction time by about 25%.

Vehicle Positioning:This application integrates GPS that tell people where they are. Anyone with a GPS receiver can receive their satellite position and thereby find out where they are. Vehicle positioning applications can be used to deliver several services including remote vehicle diagnostics.

 

29.     Write the features of 3G data service.

Ans: The ITU (International Telecommunication Union)has proposed 3G telecommunications standards to provide cost efficient high quality, wireless multimedia applications and enhanced wireless communications. The features of 3G can be divided into two categories. One is data rates and the other is security. 

The main feature of 3G technology is that it supports greater voice and data capacity and high data transmission at low-cost. 3G mobiles can operate on 2G and 3G technologies. 

The second major feature is the security: 3G offers greater security features than 2G like Network Access Security, Network Domain Security, User Domain Security and Application Security. 

This technology provides localized services for accessing traffic and weather updates. Video calls and video conference is another major feature in 3G mobile technology. These features reduce the communication barriers between people that were not sacked even with mobile phones.

Data transfer rates are high and can support even live TV channels over phone. Online media is another exciting feature in 3G mobiles. 3G mobiles highly attract the music lovers as they can listen to music and watch videos online and can download huge files with in less time.

 

30. Give the difference between the network 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G mobile communications?

Ans:

 

1G: only voice communication

G stands for generation here. The first generation 1G came around 1980. In this network system, users can do voice calls only. It was using only analog signal.

 

2G:  Communicate voice as well as data signals

The second generation of mobile network system was developed in 1991. This network system was using the digital signal for data transmission. The more features were added in 2G as more people can communicate simultaneously and improved the security with signal encryption. In this technology SMS and MMS were introduced. GSM and CDMA standards were introduced by 2G.

 

3G:  Mobile devices communicate at even higher data rates and support voice, data , and multimedia streams. High data rates in 3G devices enable transfer of video clips and faster multimedia communication.

The 3G was developed during the late 90s, but it was introduced around 2001. It provided both voice and data services. It has more data capacity and good voice quality in calls. More calls can be done using same frequency range with faster data transfer speed.

 

4G: 4G has changed the entire world and smart phones came into the picture. In India, Reliance Jio has launched the 4G first with free of cost and rapidly changed the market of smart phones and internet. 4G provides better speed and given the access to wireless devices with interactive multimedia, voice, radio, internet and broadband service.

 

5G: It currently in the under-construction stage. It will be faster and cost effective than other four generations. It will be more helpful for IoT and Machine to Machine (M2M) communication. M2M means a direct connection between wired and wireless devices. It allows transferring data in Gbps. It is expected that it will support all the devices of the future with IoT.

 

31.     Briefly explain Mobile Technology?

Ans: Mobile technology is a type of technology in which a user utilizes a mobile phone to perform communications-related tasks, such as communicating with friends, relatives, and others. It is used to send data from one system to another.

 

Mobile technology is largely employed in cellular communication systems and other related areas. It employs a network architecture that allows multiple transmitters to deliver data on a single channel at the same time. Because it reduces the potential of frequency interference from two or more sources, this platform allows multiple users to use single frequencies. The channel has evolved over time.

 

32.     What is APK builder?

Ans: APK builder is a free platform for you to make your apk file with zero programming knowledge. To generate your APK file you have to select your business’s niche, choose templates, insert the URL (if needed), and follow other simple steps.

 

33.      Explain the use of Google Play Store.

Ans: You can install apps, games, and digital content on your device from the Google Play Store. Google Play Store is the official distribution storefront for Android applications and other digital media, such a music, movies and books, from Google. It is available on mobile devices and tablets that run the Android operating system (OS).

Google Play Store is a great resource for apps, games, books, and movies that you can use on your phone. It gives you a wide selection of apps you can download on to your Android devices. If you’re just looking for some great entertainment, you can also find music, ebooks, and movies on the Play store. It really is a one-stop shop.

 

34.  What is Android?

Ans: Android is an operating system used on mobiles, smart TVs, tablets, and many other devices. Android is provided by Google and is continually updated, improved, and extended. This makes the development of apps for Android smartphones and tablets both exciting and challenging.

Android is an open-source mobile OS developed by Google and launched in 2008. Android is a Linux-based OS that uses Linux 2.6 to provide core services such as security, memory management, process management, network stack, and a driver model. It offers a wide range of libraries that enable the app developers to build different applications. Android applications are usually written in Java programming language.

 

35.  What is WCDMA?

Ans: WCDMA is a mobile communication system of the 3rd generation that uses CDMA technology over a frequency band that is wide enough to provide efficient voice and high-speed multimedia services. Its infrastructure is compatible with the system of mobile radio complication of GSM.  

Upgrading or installing WCDMA technology-led mobile service providers to give their services of customers wireless broadband and more efficiently upgrade their system. This system is composed of radio towers, packet data interconnection systems, and mobile devices.  

 

36. What is UMTS?

Ans: The UMTS mobile cellular system of the third generation for networks is generally based on the GSM standard. Maintained and uploaded by the 3GPP, UMTS is one of the components of the standard set as International Telecommunication Union IMT-2000 and compares with the standard set as CDMA 2000.  

UMTS uses W-CDMA technology of radio access to offer spectral bandwidth and efficiency to mobile network operators. it specifies a system of the complete network which consists of the core network, user’s authentication via SIM cards, and the radio access network.  The technology mentioned in UMTS is also known as 3GSM or FOMA (Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access).

37. Compare WCDMA with GSM

Ans: 

WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiplexing Access) and GSM are two technologies that are used in mobile telecommunications. The difference between these two is that GSM is a 2G technology and WCDMA is a part of the newer 3G group of technologies. Being newer and more advanced, WCDMA is now the technology that people want and it is slowly being deployed in a lot of areas that are already being occupied by GSM. Sooner or later, the WCDMA network would equal the coverage of GSM, making the GSM network redundant. With this said it is clear that the GSM network is slowly being phased out and replaced with the newer and better WCDMA. But for now, GSM is still the most widespread technology that is used in the whole world.

Let us discuss some of the major key differences between WCDMA and GSM:

·         Though both are developed for mobile communications, GSM is used in 2G networks and WCDMA is used in 3G networks. Most people prefer WCDMA to be used as it is newer and transfers 3G data that is faster than 2G data. It is covering the area of GSM and GSM is not being used much nowadays.

·         The phones are developed based on the network. Some phones are developed to support only GSM networks whereas some support only WCDMA. Hence, it becomes difficult for these phones to support any other networks in their devices. Nowadays, newer phones are developed to support both the networks so that it is easy to switch from one network to another. Compatibility is offered in phones nowadays so that phones can switch between one network to another. While selecting a mobile phone, it is important to check the specifications to know whether it is compatible with any networks.

·         After the 3G is developed GSM is in an improvised version and the advantages are more while we use GSM. Though it was developed to support 2G, 3G settings help GSM to improve itself. Code division is not used in GSM as there would not be many complications in the system. While in WCDMA, code divisions are used to divide the channels so that proper understanding of all the channels and the networks are made by the user. WCDMA is also used along with GSM so that 2G and 3G supports can be made in the phones.

·         GSM has the frequency bands of 900, 1800, 1900, and 2100 MHz but the data transfer is not faster and compatible when compared with WCDMA

·         As GSM is a list of protocols in the networking system, freedom in the network is not offered as much as WCDMA. In WCDMA, a complete network system is offered without depending on any other networks so that efficiency and bandwidth are more than GSM in the network. 

 

38.     List the functions of OS.

Ans: Functions of OS are as follows:

·         Memory Management

·         Process Management/CPU Scheduling

·         Device Management

·         File Management

·         Security

·         Error detection etc.

 

39.      List the features of a mobile OS.

 

Ans: A mobile OS has the following features:

1.     Easy to use

·         The graphics should be attractive.

·         The buttons and features should be easy to use. mOreover, the functionalities should not be very compilicated.

·         Features should be powerful and useful.

2. Good app store

·         An app is one of the basic part of an OS.

·         Good and useful apps forms an important part of an OS.

·         The apps should be simple and interactive.

3. Good battery life

·         Power is one of the main requirement of a smartphone.

·         They require power for processors sensors etc. Therefore, the battery holds a very important role.

·         Smartphones power usage keeps on increasing therefore, a good battery backup is very essential.

4. Data usage and organization

·         An operating system should focus on controlling the data and network usage. It should keep the limit and requirement in focus.

·         Secondly, the organization of data related to to-do lists, calendars, alarms, reminders etc is very important. A good OS should keep this data in a very organized and safe manner. Moreover, the data should be readily and easily available.

 

40.      What is a kernel?

Ans:  A kernel is the core/heart of an OS. It contains all the functions and operations to manage the working of OS.

 

41.     Write the features of JAVA programming language.

                OR

        Explain the features of Java programming language.

 

Ans: Features of Java Programming Language:

Simple and Familiar

Java is simple because, its coding style is very clean and easy to understand. It removes complexity because it doesn’t use complex and difficult features of other languages like C and C++.

 

Compiled and Interpreted

Usually, a computer language can be either compiled or interpreted. Java integrates the power of Compiled Languages with the flexibility of Interpreted Languages.

Java compiler (javac) compiles the java source code into the bytecode.

Java Virtual Machine (JVM) then executes this bytecode which is executable on many operating systems and is portable.

 

Platform Independent

The most significant feature of Java is that it provides platform independence which leads to a facility of portability, which ultimately becomes its biggest strength.

Being platform-independent means a program compiled on one machine can be executed on any machine in the world without any change. Java achieves platform independence by using the concept of the BYTE code.

 

Object-Oriented

Java strongly supports the concepts of Object-Oriented Programming due to which it is called a pure object-oriented language.

Java supports major Object-Oriented programming features like Encapsulation, Abstraction, and Inheritance.

Almost everything in Java is an object. All programs and data live within objects and classes.

Robust

Java is robust as it is capable of handling run-time errors, supports automatic garbage collection and exception handling, and avoids explicit pointer concept.

Java has a strong memory management system. It helps in eliminating errors as it checks the code during both compile and runtime.

Secure

Security is an important issue for any programming language as there is a threat of malicious activities and viruses. Java supports access modifiers to check memory access and also ensures that no viruses enter an applet.

Java is a more secure language as compared to C/C++, as it does not allow a programmer to explicitly create pointers. Thus in Java, we can not gain access to a particular variable if we do not initialize it properly.

 

42. What do you mean by XML?

Ans: Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language used to describe the content and structure of data in a document. It is a simplified version of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). XML is an industry standard for delivering content on the Internet. Because it provides a facility to define new tags, XML is also extensible.

Like HTML, XML uses tags to describe content. However, rather than focusing on the presentation of content, the tags in XML describe the meaning and hierarchical structure of data. This functionality allows for the sophisticated data types that are required for efficient data interchange between different programs and systems. Further, because XML enables separation of content and presentation, the content, or data, is portable across heterogeneous systems.

 

43.  Explain the concept of XML with an example.

OR

    What is XML? Explain with an example.

Ans: Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language used to describe the content and structure of data in a document. It is a simplified version of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). XML is an industry standard for delivering content on the Internet. Because it provides a facility to define new tags, XML is also extensible.

Like HTML, XML uses tags to describe content. However, rather than focusing on the presentation of content, the tags in XML describe the meaning and hierarchical structure of data. This functionality allows for the sophisticated data types that are required for efficient data interchange between different programs and systems. Further, because XML enables separation of content and presentation, the content, or data, is portable across heterogeneous systems.

The XML syntax uses matching start and end tags (such as <name> and </name>) to mark up information. Information delimited by tags is called an element. Every XML document has a single root element, which is the top-level element that contains all the other elements. Elements that are contained by other elements are often referred to as sub-elements. An element can optionally have attributes, structured as name-value pairs, that are part of the element and are used to further define it.

 

The following sample XML file describes the contents of an address book:

<?xml version=”1.0″?>

<address_book>
<person gender=”f”>
<name>Jane Doe</name>
<address>
<street>123 Main St.</street>
<city>San Francisco</city>
<state>CA</state>
<zip>94117</zip>
</address>
<phone area_code=415>555-1212</phone>
</person>
<person gender=”m”>
<name>John Smith</name>
<phone area_code=510>555-1234</phone>
<email>johnsmith@somewhere.com</email>
</person>
</address_book>

The root element of the XML file is address_book. The address book currently contains two entries in the form of person elements: Jane Doe and John Smith. Jane Doe’s entry includes her address and phone number; John Smith’s includes his phone and email address. The structure of the XML document defines the phone element as storing the area code using the area_code attribute rather than a sub-element in the body of the element. 

 

44.     Why Use XML?

Ans: An industry typically uses data exchange methods that are meaningful and specific to that industry. With the advent of e-commerce, businesses conduct an increasing number of relationships with a variety of industries and, therefore, must develop expert knowledge of the various protocols used by those industries for electronic communication.

The extensibility of XML makes it a very effective tool for standardizing the format of data interchange among various industries. For example, when message brokers and workflow engines must coordinate transactions among multiple industries or departments within an enterprise, they can use XML to combine data from disparate sources into a format that is understandable by all parties.

 

45. How do you describe an XML Document?

OR

    How to define structure of XML document ?

46.     write an XML file which will display the book information which include the following:

1.     Title of the book 2

2.     Author name

3.     publisher name

4.     edition

5.     price

 

Ans:

XML file

<?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”UTF-8″?>

<?xml-stylesheet type=”text/css” href=”style.css”?>

<books>

    <heading>Welcome To Book House </heading>

    <book>

        <title>Title : Web Programming</title>

        <author>Author : Chrisbates</author>

        <publisher>Publisher : Wiley</publisher>

        <edition>Edition : 3</edition>

        <price> Price : 300</price>

    </book>

    <book>

        <title>Title : Internet world-wide-web</title>

        <author>Author : Ditel</author>

        <publisher>Publisher : Pearson</publisher>

        <edition>Edition : 3</edition>

        <price>Price : 400</price>

    </book>

    <book>

        <title>Title : Computer Networks</title>

        <author>Author : Foruouzan</author>

        <publisher>Publisher : Mc Graw Hill</publisher>

        <edition>Edition : 5</edition>

        <price>Price : 700</price>

    </book>

    <book>

        <title>Title : DBMS Concepts</title>

        <author>Author : Navath</author>

        <publisher>Publisher : Oxford</publisher>

        <edition>Edition : 5</edition>

        <price>Price : 600</price>

    </book>

</books>

Stylesheet File:  style.css

books {

     color: white;

     background-color : gray;

     width: 100%;

}

 heading {

     color: green;

     font-size : 40px;

     background-color : powderblue;

}

 heading, title, author, publisher, edition, price {

     display : block;

}

 title {

     font-size : 25px;

     font-weight : bold;

}

47. What Are XSL and XSLT?

Ans: The Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) is a W3C standard for describing presentation rules that apply to XML documents. XSL includes both a transformation language, (XSLT), and a formatting language. These two languages function independently of each other. XSLT is an XML-based language and W3C specification that describes how to transform an XML document into another XML document, or into HTML, PDF, or some other document format.

An XSLT transformer accepts as input an XML document and an XSLT document. The template rules contained in an XSLT document include patterns that specify the XML tree to which the rule applies. The XSLT transformer scans the XML document for patterns that match the rule, and then it applies the template to the appropriate section of the original XML document.

 

48. What are XML’s advantages over HTML?

Ans: Whereas HTML tells a browser application how a document should look, XML describes what’s in the document. In other words, XML is concerned with how information is organized, not how it is displayed. (XML formatting is done through separate style sheets.)

The HTML tags are fixed; every site developer uses the same tags to do the same things. XML, by contrast, lets you create your own tags to label the meaning or use of data.

XML’s flexibility has many benefits. It lets you transfer data among corporate databases and Web sites without losing crucial descriptive information. It lets you automatically customize the presentation of data rather than display the same page to all comers. And it makes searches more efficient because search engines can sort through precise tags rather than long pages of text.

 

49. How to Embed Audio and Video in HTML?

 

OR

Show the use of Audio and Video tag in HTML.

 

Ans:

Embed Audio in HTML:

To embed audio in HTML, we use the <audio>tag. Before HTML5, audio cannot be added to web pages in the Internet Explorer era. To play audio, we used web plugins like Flash. After the release of HTML5, it is possible. This tag supports Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Opera, and Edge in three audio formats – MP3, WAV, OGG. Only Safari browser doesn’t support OGG audio format.

 

Syntax:

<audio>

    <source src="file_name" type="audio_file_type">

</audio>

 

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Page Title</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Click play button to play audio</h2>

<audio src=”./test.mp3″ controls></audio>

</body>

</html>

 

Embed video in HTML

To embed video in HTML, we use the <video>tag. It contains one or more video sources at a time using <source> tag. It supports MP4, WebM, and Ogg in all modern browsers. Only Ogg video format doesn’t support in Safari browser. 

Syntax

 

<video>

    <source src=”file_name” type=”video_file_type”>

</video>

Example:

 

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Page Title</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Click play button to play video</h2>

<video src=”./test.mp4″ controls></video>

</body>

</html>

 

or you can use the following code:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Page Title</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Click play button to play video</h2>

<video controls>

<source  src=”./test.mp4″>

</video>

</body>

</html>

 

50. What are the requirements of Mobile O/S ?

Ans:

·        Support for specific communication protocols

·        Support for a variety of input mechanisms

·        Compliance with open standards

·        Extensive library support

 

51.     What are Special Constraints of Mobile O/S?

Ans:

·        Limited memory

·        Limited screen size

·        Miniature keyboard

·        Limited processing power

·        Limited battery power

·        Limited and fluctuating bandwidth of the wireless medium

 

51.     What is XSL and why it is used.

Ans:XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language), formerly called Extensible Style Language, is a language for creating a style sheet that describes how data sent over the Web using the Extensible Markup Language (XML) is to be presented to the user.

In order to understand and style an XML document, World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) developed XSL which can act as XML based Stylesheet Language. An XSL document specifies how a browser should render an XML document.An XSL document specifies how a browser should render an XML document.

 

52.      What is the purpose of XSLT? 

Ans: The XSLT stands for XSL Transformations and XSL stands for eXtensible Stylesheet Language. The XSLT is used for defining the XML document transformation and presentations.

XSLT, Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations, provides the ability to transform XML data from one format to another automatically.

 

53.   What is the use of XML declaration?

Ans: XML declaration is a special tag used to specify the version of XML used to write the document and optionally some additional meta-information about the document such as the character set/encoding used. For e.g the syntax of XML declaration is

<? XML VERSION=”1.0”?>

54.     What is DTD?

Ans: A Document Type Declaration enables an XML parser to verify whether an XML document is valid, i.e. its elements contain the proper attributes in the proper sequence.

55.     What is well-formed document?

Ans:  HTML or XML document is said to be well formed when it contains elements with proper tagging and no syntactic errors.

 

56. Explain how XML data can be displayed using CSS?

 

Ans: Displaying XML Using CSS:

XML stands for Extensible Markup Language. It is a dynamic markup language. It is used to transform data from one form to another form.

An XML file can be displayed using two ways. These are as follows:

 

1.     Cascading Style Sheet

2.     Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation

 Displaying XML file using CSS:

CSS can be used to display the contents of the XML document in a clear and precise manner. It gives the design and style to whole XML document.

 

·         Basic steps in defining a CSS style sheet for XML :

For defining the style rules for the XML document, the following things should be done:

 

1.     Define the style rules for the text elements such as font-size, color, font-weight, etc.

2.     Define each element either as a block, inline or list element, using the display property of CSS.

3.     Identify the titles and bold them.

 

·         Linking XML with CSS :
In order to display the XML file using CSS, link XML file with CSS. Below is the syntax for linking the XML file with CSS:

 

<?xml-stylesheet type=”text/css” href=”name_of_css_file.css”?>

 

57. Create the XML document to display information of five different books with book name, author, publisher, price, year of publication.

 

Ans:

Here, the XML file is created that contains the information about five books and displaying the XML file using CSS.

 XML file:

Creating Books.xmlas:

 <?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”UTF-8″?>

<?xml-stylesheet type=”text/css” href=”style.css”?>

<books>

    <book>

        <title>Title : Web Programming</title>

        <author>Author : Chrisbates</author>

        <publisher>Publisher : Wiley</publisher>

        <price> Price : 300</price>

        <year>Year: 2020</year>

 </book>

    <book>

        <title>Title : Internet world-wide-web</title>

        <author>Author : Ditel</author>

        <publisher>Publisher : Pearson</publisher>

        <price>Price : 400</price>

        <year>Year: 2020</year>

 </book>

    <book>

        <title>Title : Computer Networks</title>

        <author>Author : Foruouzan</author>

        <publisher>Publisher : Mc Graw Hill</publisher>

        <price>Price : 700</price>

        <year>Year: 2020</year>

  </book>

    <book>

        <title>Title : DBMS Concepts</title>

        <author>Author : Navath</author>

        <publisher>Publisher : Oxford</publisher>

        <price>Price : 600</price>

        <year>Year: 2020</year>

 </book>

    <book>

        <title>Title -: Linux Programming</title>

        <author>Author -: Subhitab Das</author>

        <publisher>Publisher -: Oxford</publisher>

        <price>Price -: 300</price>

        <year>Year: 2020</year>

</book>

</books>

 In the above example, Books.xmlis linked with style.css which contains the corresponding style sheet rules.

 

CSS FILE :

Creating style.cssas:

 

books {

     color: white;

     background-color : gray;

     width: 100%;

}

 heading {

     color: green;

     font-size : 40px;

     background-color : powderblue;

}

 heading, title, author, publisher, edition, price {

     display : block;

}

 title {

     font-size : 25px;

     font-weight : bold;

}

 

58.  Explain any two differences between 3G and 4G mobile technologies.

59. Briefly explain thedifferences between GSM and GPRS.

Ans: Differences between GSM and GPRS

GSM	GPRS
GSM stands for Global Systems for Mobile.	GPRS stands for General Packet Radio Service.
The frequency bands used in the GSM system are 900 and 1800 MHz.	The frequency bands used in the system are 850, 900, 1800 and 1900 MHZ.
The type of connection is a circuit-switched network.	Here the type of connection is a packet-switched network.
It provides data rates of 9.6 kbps.	It provides data rates of 14.4 to 115.2 kbps.
SMS (Short Messaging Service) is one of the popular features.	MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service) is one of the popular features.
It takes long time to connect.	It provides faster connection.
In GSM, single time slot is allotted to a single user.	In GPRS, multiple time slots can be allotted to a single user.

60.     Compare UMTS with WCDMA

Ans:

Parameters of Comparison	UMTS	WCDMA
Speed	Faster	Runs at the speed of GSM and that is the reason being slower than UMTS.
Technology	Cellular technology	Radio technology
Basic channel	GSM	CDMA
Coverage area	Less	More
Communication devices	It cannot be used alone	Mostly used in all phones, but it is combined with GSM or UMTS in some cases.

 

61. Compare IOS with Android OS?

Ans: Comparison between Android and iOS

Parameters of Comparison	Android	iOS
Owned by	Google LLC	Apple Inc.
Created by	Android Inc.	Apple Inc.
Mainly developed by	Google and Open Handset Alliance	Apple
Launched on	23 September 2008	29 June 2007
Used in	Mobiles, tablets, gaming consoles, smart TVs, etc.	iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, iPod Nano, and Apple TV
Virtual assistant	Google Assistant	Siri
Type of software	Open Source	Closed Source
Languages used (programming)	C, Java, C++, and others	Swift, Objective-C, C++, and others
Kernel used	Linux	XNU hybrid